The Pathfinder Of The Seas - 1674 Words

When people go on cruise trips, one of the reasons they intend to enjoy their time off is to experience the sights and sounds of the open sea. In Annie Dillard’s Mornings Like This, she includes in her collection of found poems a poem that instills a similar vivid sense of imagery that one would experience by the ocean. Her found poem, called â€Å"The Pathfinder of the Seas,† includes a variety of words and sentences that relate to sailing in the sea. They were extracted from other books related to scientific research of the sky and the sea. The author brings together these distinct elements and structures them in a poem. This gives them a new home and, subsequently, gives the work a new meaning. Her goal for the reader is to question their previous knowledge and find a new perspective on life through the interactions with the sea in her poem. One way Dillard achieves this goal is through her word choice. She opens her poem with the following two sentences: â€Å"Th e sea is very wide. The tooth of running / Water is very sharp† (Dillard 7). By using the word â€Å"very† to describe the physical features of the sea to a high degree in both sentences, she illustrates to the reader to the lack of limitations of their mind. She does this again in the fifth stanza of her poem, where she includes the word â€Å"forever,† which implies sempiternal space, or no limit to the expansion of the mind. Another sentence that contains the diction that Dillard uses to convey this idea appears in theShow MoreRelatedThe Pathfinder Of The Seas1632 Words   |  7 Pagesoff to experience the sights and sounds of the open sea. In Annie Dillard’s Mornings Like This, she includes in her collection of found poems a poem that instills a similar sense of imagery that one would experience by the ocean. Her found poem, called â€Å"The Pathfinder of the Seas,† includes a variety of words and sentences that relate to sailing in the sea. She extracted them from other literature related to scientific research of the sky and the sea. The author brings together these distinct elementsRead MorePathfinders: A Global History of Exploration by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto1063 Words   |  5 Pagestell--the story of how humans diverged over many millenia, and the story of how they later re-converged, lac[ing] the world together with routes of contact. Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration by Felipe Fernandez-Armesto chronicles human exploration throughout history beginning with the peopling of the earth through the earliest pathfinders and continuing up to the near-present age of globalization. Felipe Fernà ¡ndez-Armesto is an historian and the William P. Reynolds Professor of History atRead MoreThe Shakespearean Sonnet Essay639 Words   |  3 Pagesover half of the marriages ending in divorce. Metaphorically, Shakespeare compares love to a motionless pathfinder which withstands the storm and is not swayed by it, and to a polestar which guides mariners at sea. The ship tossed in the storm, and the star that guides its way are images of great beauty and depth of feeling. The lost ship speaks to each and every individual lost in the sea of our own emotions. The star can be thought of in the astronomical as well as the astrological or metaphysicalRead MoreShamhat and Siduri Essay584 Words   |  3 PagesShamhat. The impact of those few days with Shamhat was very vast and it, virtually, made him a human being from the animal that he was. She made him eligible to go to Gilgamesh and be his soul brother. Gilgamesh met Siduri in her cottage by the sea on his journey to find Utnapishtim. Gilgamesh was devastated by Enkidus death. The immense grief and excruciating pain and also fear for death, that it caused to him had made him eager to seek immortality. Gilgamesh met Siduri in a very delicate stateRead MoreD Day During World War II1556 Words   |  7 Pageswas one of the most important things for the landings on the beaches. Eisenhower actually scheduled the invasion for June 5th, but had to call it off because of weather conditions. Eisenhower needed low tides, light winds, little cloud cover, and low seas for the invasion. The low tides were for the boats so they could hit land before the obstacles were placed. The light winds and little cloud cover played a major part. Light winds so that the ships missiles would not be blown off course and littleRead MoreThe Difference of Warfare between World War 1 and World War 21009 Words   |  5 PagesWar. The U.S. Navy linking with the Roy al Navy played a significant role in overcoming the German U-boats in the North Atlantic. The Germany Navy while technically effective disastrously diminished the German war effort. Germanys building of a High Seas Fleet was one of the causes that public view on Britain turned against Germany and that Britain come unto the War. Yet, the small U-boat fleet, showed a key competition to the British. In the early war, U-boats drowned three British cruisers, shockingRead MoreBlack Catholic Worship On The Sacred Liturgy1252 Words   |  6 Pagespriest for the Archdiocese of Cincinnati, who received a 10-minute ovation. Fr. Rivers pioneered what he termed â€Å"Soulfull Worship† and soon was joined by other composers and choir directors to bring a new musical wind into Catholic rites. These pathfinders showed how prayer in African American congregations could be both authentically Catholic and Black – by deftly blending traditional hymns and Gregorian chant with Spirituals , Gospel, and jazz as well as new compositions written expressly for CatholicRead MoreThe Oil Embargo of 1972-19731247 Words   |  5 Pagessuch a move, the leader thought that hed give an economic independence to his country. This move made by the patriarch of Nasserism caused retaliation from 3 military forces: the British, the French and the Israeli. On the other side of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia saw all that was happening with its neighbor. During the 1956 crisis, the Saudis decided to block all exportation to Britain and France but avoided cutting its oil production. From a political perspective, the 1956 crisis was both aRead MoreThe Battle Of Normandy And World War II1286 Words   |  6 Pagesthey were assigned on D-Day (Ambrose 145-147). The Allies did indeed put a huge effort into their training, for Stephen E Ambrose writes â€Å"No matter how brilliant the plan, no matter how effective the deception, no matter how intense the preinvasion sea and air bombardment, Ov erlord would fail if the assault squads did not advance.† (Ambrose 133). The Allies had begun loading their equipment on May 31, 1944, with plans to launch Operation Overlord on June 5(Ambrose 173). With countless months of planningRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1827 Words   |  8 Pagesso attentive and full of life that Carraway doubts he will ever find it †in any other person and†¦is not likely [to] ever [be found] again† (2). When Carraway first met Gatsby, the latter was shrouded with mystery, as he looked longingly across the sea. Comparable to an â€Å"intricate machine that registers earthquakes ten thousand miles away,† Gatsby does not follow the populace in that he radiates a sense of hope that is uncommon, if not rare, amongst the crowd of disillusioned people (2). †¢ Tom Buchanan—

Classical Approach to Management Free Essays

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION I. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Management in all business and organizational activities is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effectively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people or entities) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. We will write a custom essay sample on Classical Approach to Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources and natural resources. In for-profit work, management has as its primary function the satisfaction of a range of stakeholders. This typically involves making a profit (for the shareholders), creating valued products at a reasonable cost (for customers) and providing rewarding employment opportunities (for employees). In nonprofit management, add the importance of keeping the faith of donors. In most models of management/governance, shareholders vote for the board of directors, and the board then hires senior management. Some organizations have experimented with other methods (such as employee-voting models) of selecting or reviewing managers; but this occurs only very rarely. In the public sector of countries constituted as representative democracies, voters elect politicians to public office. Such politicians hire many managers and administrators, and in some countries like the United States political appointees lose their jobs on the election of a new president/governor/mayor. Since organizations can be viewed as systems, management can also be defined as human action, including design, to facilitate the production of useful outcomes from a system. This view opens the opportunity to ‘manage’ oneself, a pre-requisite to attempting to manage others. II. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Management is often included as a factor of production along with machines, materials and money. According to the management guru Peter Drucker (1909–2005), the basic task of a management is twofold: marketing and innovation. The problem of this research is how to use the classical approach to management in this researcher’s job as a manager and determine how it affects the interlocking functions of formulating corporate policy and organizing, planning, controlling, and directing the firm’s resources to achieve the policy’s objectives. III. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The researcher aims to use the classical approach to management as a manager, and employ Henri Fayol’s general theory of management which consists of six primary functions of management and 14 principles of management, and Frederick Taylor’s scientific management which focuses on improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. IV. SYNOPSIS As the manager, this researcher will lay down the framework of organization first by creating the top-level managers. They will be responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They will develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business. In addition, the top-level managers will be involved in the mobilization of outside resources and will be accountable to the shareholders and general public. In order to establish a strong, well-founded, and steady workflow, the researcher will integrate Fayol’s Principles of Management in outlining the business policy that will include: a) the mission of the business which is the most obvious purpose: b) the vision of the business which reflects its aspirations and specifies its intended direction or future destination: c) the objective of the business which refers to the ends or activity at which a certain task is aimed; d) the business policy that will stipulate rules, regulations and objectives, and may be used in the managers’ ecision-making(it must be flexible and easily interpreted and understood by all employees; and e) the business strategy which will coordinate plans of actions that it is going to take, as well as the resources that it will use, to realize its vision and long-term objectives, and will also serve as a guideline to managers, stipulating how they ought to allocate and utilize the factors of production to the business’s advantage. During the operational stage, the researcher will employ Taylor’s principles in maintaining economic efficiency emphasizing the prevention of interpersonal friction between workers and managers, and social tensions between the blue-collar and white-collar classes. To do this, the workforce will be given one seat to the Board of Directors so that they will be properly represented in ventilating their concerns. One good example of Taylor’s and Fayol’s approaches is the case of Bergen Community College (BCC) Bergen  Community College  is a diverse organization that consists of many different departments. The manager who supervises this college is responsible for over 500 employees and a customer (student) base of over 12,000. It is important for a manger to look at the needs of the students and then try to implement the best management system that satisfies all the members of the organization. One factor to look at is the environment of BCC. The main factors that concern the general environment of BCC are the economic conditions, social conditions and the technological factors. At the present time, the  economic factors  are favorable to BCC. The economy is doing well and most people are earning a higher income. This allows people to go to school and it also allows parents to send their children to school. Since the economy is doing well, there is more competition in the workplace, so one needs a higher education to move into a better position. Also, people could work less and make the same amount of money, thus freeing up time to attend classes at a school. All of these  economic factors lead to an increase in enrollment. However, these are not the only theories that are found in management. Many ther theories exist, and they all focus on a different aspect of management. The  Quantitative Approach  uses quantitative techniques, such as statistics and computer simulations, to improve decision-making. The Organizational Approach  is concerned with the behaviors of people at work. This theory has led to such things as human resources management, teamwork, motivation and leadership qualities. However, there are also some disadvantages that may occur. One disadvantage is that with less supervision, the employees may not work hard, thus decreasing performance. Also, there may be some bitterness between co-workers, decreasing the overall performance of the group will decrease. Instead of doing what is best for the organization, the workers may do things only for their benefit or makes them look good and not care about their peers or the organization. All of these forces in BCC’s general environment are affecting BCC in a positive way. They are causing the enrollment of BCC to increase. As a result, there are many factors in its specific forces that are becoming more complex. These factors are the suppliers, customers, competition, government agencies, and special interest. The suppliers are complex because there is a large number of customers at BCC. Thus, BCC has to ensure that they have proper furniture, classrooms, computers, and other everyday necessities. At the same time, the computer system of the various departments has to be properly maintained to make sure that the student’s records are properly kept. Also, proper maintenance of the buildings has to be maintained. This rapidly changing environment makes the job of any manager extremely difficult. However, she needs to take advantage of the good economy to increase the enrollment at the school as well as try and receive extra funding from the government and special interest groups to expand the school and the programs offered. At the same time, the manger needs to be aware of the competition for the students from the four-year universities and the increasing number of vocational schools. Also, the manager needs to make sure that the staff is doing its most to satisfy the needs of the customers V. DEFINITION OF TERMS 1. Scientific management – also called Taylorism, was a theory of management that analyzed and synthesized workflows. 2. Administrative management – management approach that concentrates on the total organization. The emphasis is on the development of managerial principles rather than work methods. 3. Top-Level Managers – Typically consist of board of directors, president, vice-president, CEO, etc. They are responsible for controlling and overseeing the entire organization. They develop goals, strategic plans, company policies, and make decisions on the direction of the business. In addition, top-level managers play a significant role in the mobilization of outside resources and are accountable to the shareholders and general public. 4. Workforce – VI. LIMITATION OF THE STUDY This research primarily aims to use the classical approach to management in this researcher’s job as manager in a private business enterprise and does not include political, educational, and financial institutions. It focuses on employing Frederick Taylor’s and Henry Fayol’s management approaches to find out its effects in today’s marketing and innovations. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. RESEARCH DESIGN This research is designed in several components: Document analysis, surveys of similar business enterprises, and interviews of managements and workforce, and assessment of findings. II. SAMPLING PROCEDURES The researcher will employ the stratified sampling technique so that the identified business enterprises that will be included in the sample will be represented in the same proportion that they exist in the population to enable the researcher draw appropriate inferences. The researcher also believe that this technique could lead to a more efficient statistical estimates. CHAPTER 3 I. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK According to Fayol’s theory, there were six primary functions of management namely; forecasting, planning, organizing, commanding, coordinating, and monitoring; and 14 principles of management namely; Division of work, Authority, Discipline. , Unity of command, Unity of direction. Subordination of individual interests to the general interest, Remuneration, Centralisation, Scalar chain, Order, Equity. , Stability of tenure of personnel, Initiative, and Esprit de corps. Frederick Taylor  is often called the â€Å"father of scientific management. Taylor believed that organizations should study tasks and develop precise procedures. As an example, in 1898, Taylor calculated how much iron from rail cars Bethlehem Steel plant workers could be unloading if they were using the correct movements, tools, and steps. The result was an amazing 47. 5 tons per day instead of the mere 12. 5 tons each worker had been averaging. In addition, by redesigning t he shovels the workers used, Taylor was able to increase the length of work time and therefore decrease the number of people shoveling from 500 to 140. Lastly, he developed an incentive system that paid workers more money for meeting the new standard. Productivity at Bethlehem Steel shot up overnight. As a result, many theorists followed Taylor’s philosophy when developing their own principles of management. Utilizing Frederick Taylor’s and Henri Fayol’s principles of management, with little modification so as to adapt to the modern world of marketing and innovations, this researcher believes that interpersonal and social clashes will be minimized if not avoided, and a cost-effective, well-organized, competent, and efficient business enterprise would be established. II. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework of this researcher focuses on using the classical approach to management in his job as a manager that aims to establish whether it is still effective in today’s modern world of marketing and innovations. The substance of this study will primarily be dependent on the researcher’s data that will come from document analysis, surveys, interviews, and assessment of findings. III. ANALYTICAL FRAMEWORK The purpose of this research is to use the classical approach to management in this researcher’s job as manager to find out if the principle is still effective in today’s modern marketing and innovations. The type of research design used here is qualitative and institutional in nature. This entails the data analysis which will be extracted from the following: 1) document analysis; 2) surveys; 3) interviews; and 4) assessment of findings. This researcher then collates the data gathered from these areas to ascertain whether the classical approach could still play a vital role in the management of modern systems of business enterprises. How to cite Classical Approach to Management, Papers

School To Work System Essay Research Paper free essay sample

School To Work System Essay, Research Paper There is a new system called S.T.W ( school-to-work ) introduced by Marc Tucker, the president of the National Center of Education and the economic system. This strategy nevertheless, is non wholly valid or at least this is the instance for Phyllis Schlafly, the president of the bird of Jove forum and the publishing house of the monthly Education Reporter since 1986. The two thoughts will be introduced clearly later. Tucker wants to set a new maestro # 8220 ; reconstituting # 8221 ; program for more than 50 % of public school kids. The program is to develop kids in specific occupations to function the work force and the planetary economic system. The occupation duplicate procedure is supervised by labour market boards and computing machine aid. Furthermore, STW ordinances and Torahs prefer to get down developing kids at the earlier possible age, but get downing no subsequently than in-between school classs. In the STW strategy, there is no single classs or awards, alternatively the thought of # 8220 ; squad work # 8221 ; is used for group scaling, concerted acquisition, occupation tailing, mentoring, occupation sites visits. We will write a custom essay sample on School To Work System Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page After they complete their vocational preparation, they will have a certification of command. Without it they will non be able to acquire occupations. Large concerns support STW because thy think that vocational preparation will assist American pupils to vie in the planetary economic system. # 8220 ; A Seamless web that literally extends degree Fahrenheit rom cradle-to-grave and is the same system for every one† are the words said by Phyllis assailing Tucker’s thought. She thinks that the personal pick in Tucker’s plan is absent. For the pupils have no option in taking their life clip calling. It is even excessively early for them to do a pick any manner. Further more, the construct of † squad work † will extinguish academic competition and personal accomplishments. Phyllis said that there is a large difference between educating a kid and preparation him. Education is to develop the modules and powers of a individual while developing agencies to do a individual or an carnal capable of executing a undertaking. And if we are to develop our kids it will be like developing your Canis familiaris. If it were for me, I would take both thoughts into consideration relaying on the fact that larning involves both preparation and instruction. Tucker # 8217 ; s strategy is non wholly valid because of the deficiency of personal and single accomplishment, which will call off the competition between persons. On the other manus Phyllis is overstating about how unsuitable this strategy is. Practical work at an early age is besides indispensable, as it could broaden the kid # 8217 ; s position and do him more capable of accommodating to existent life conditions. Finally a system including both thoughts with particular agreement would convey the educational system to a higher and more imaginable degree.

Major Idea of Teaching Mathematics

Upon reading the framework, it is evident that the major idea of teaching mathematics in California public schools revolves around the development of a balanced instructional program that not only provides students with an enabling environment to become proficient in basic computational and procedural skills, but also to continuously develop conceptual understanding of the mathematical concepts and become proficient in problem solving.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Major Idea of Teaching Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As indicated in the framework, teachers should aim to achieve a balance between these three concepts (proficiency in computational and procedural skills, attainment of conceptual understanding, and proficiency in solving new or perplexing problems) if they expect their students to be competitive in mathematics (California Department of Education, 2006). The concepts are in terrelated; hence teachers must strive to come up with methodologies and strategies to deliver them to mathematics students according to the standards of a particular grade level. As indicated in the framework, â€Å"when students apply basic computational and procedural skills and understandings to solve new or perplexing problems, their basic skills are strengthened, the challenging problems they encounter can become routine, and their conceptual understanding deepens† (California Department of Education, 2006 p.5). Consequently, it is suggested that the major idea of teaching mathematics to students in California public schools entails connecting their skills, conceptual understanding, and problem solving capability to develop a network of mutually reinforcing components in the curriculum that are intrinsically aligned with the standards depending on grade level. Examples of Teaching Strategies From the framework, it is clear that no single strategy of instruction is the b est or most appropriate in all contexts, and that teachers have a wide choice of instructional strategies including â€Å"direct instruction, investigation, classroom discussion and drill, small groups, individualized formats, and hands-on materials (California Department of Education, 2006 p.5). As one of the approaches to teaching, direct instruction is not only skills-oriented but the teaching practices it adopts are essentially teacher-directed.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In teaching algebra and functions to grade six students, for example, a teacher can use small-group, face-to-face instruction to demonstrate to students how to solve linear equations and develop algebraic reasoning at each step of the process by breaking down the instructions into small units, sequencing them deliberately, and teaching them in an explicit manner. Although teachers can use this st rategy to ensure that Grade six students are able to use their computational skills and conceptual understanding to solve problems in algebra through explicit, guided instructions, the strategy nevertheless limits student’s creativity and active exploration. The other teaching strategy is investigation, whereby teachers play an active role in guiding students to identify a topic of interest, explore the current knowledge on the topic, frame the topic into manageable questions, gather appropriate information, analyze and synthesis the information, take action on the findings, and reflect on the outcomes found. This strategy could be used to teach geometry to grade six students as it does not only facilitate an explicit understanding of geometric concepts, including raising students’ levels of geometric thinking, but also motivates students by presenting mathematical topics in an enjoyable and interesting manner that challenges their intellectual development. Reflection Overall, upon reflection, I have learnt that no single method of instruction is the best or most appropriate in all situations, it is important to balance the concepts of computational and procedural skills, conceptual understanding and problem solving capability when teaching mathematics, in mathematics instruction, new skills are developed almost exclusively on previously learned skills, methods of assessing students for mathematics comprehension should be context-specific. These learning outcomes can be implemented in real-life classroom situations by coming up with a well formulated framework that does not necessarily follow a linear order to ensure students benefit from the mathematics lessons taught in class, and also by proactively aligning instruction with assessment. Reference California Department of Education. (2009). Mathematics framework for California public schools: Kindergarten through grade twelve. Retrieved from https://www.cde.ca.gov/Advertising We will wri te a custom critical writing sample on Major Idea of Teaching Mathematics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This critical writing on Major Idea of Teaching Mathematics was written and submitted by user Teagan Cantrell to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

One party political systems essays

One party political systems essays Political scientists often describe Mexico as a one-party authoritarian state. Power is centralized in the hands of a virtually omnipotent president, who is always the candidate of the dominant or ruling party, which in Mexico is the Institutional Revolutionary Party (Partido Revolucionario Institucional, or PRI). Singapore is a one-party state that declares that it is democratic although when analyzed by political scientists is considered socialist. These parties have many similarities and many differences and this paper will undertake the task of comparing and contrasting the one-party system in both Singapore and Mexico. The controlling political party in Mexico is the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI), and it had been the governing political party since 1929. The PRI is divided up into three sectors: labor, agrarian, and popular. This party claims to be the true heir of Mexicos revolutionary tradition, and has worked extremely hard to keep an appearance as a left-wing party. Although the PRI certainly has right-wing and left-wing factions. Until very recently for many Mexicans the PRI, the state, and the government were basically the same thing. From 1929 up until 1988 the candidates of the PRI had won in all presidential, state, and Senate elections, and practically all the representative elections for federal and local congress, including municipalities. Military chieftains and regional bosses who survived the Mexican revolution started the Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI); they created the National Revolutionary Party to put an end to two decades of violence and turmoil. Si nce then the PRI and its partisan predecessors have never acknowledged the loss of a presidential election and always controlled both houses of Congress. The machinery of politics at the presidents service, the ruling party and the government officials charged with managing political affairs, often governed effectively, but ...

Must-Know Tennis Terms in French

Must-Know Tennis Terms in French Whether you love playing tennis or watching the major international tournaments, you need to know tennis terminology  to fully appreciate the games. Why in French? Well, if youre witnessing the prestigious French Open,  created in 1891 and now  held annually  over late May and early June at the Stade Roland-Garros in Paris, you wont miss a play or aside if you understand the players and commentators. Or maybe you want to read tennis analysis in a major French publication. If you know the lingo, you win again. The French Open and the Grand Slam Where does the French Open fit into the scheme of major international tournaments? Most importantly, its the  second major  tennis tournament comprising the global Grand Chelem (Grand Slam)  each year; the other three, in chronological order, are the  Australian Open, the  U.S. Open,  and  Wimbledon.  The  Grand Slam  tournaments, called  majors, are the worlds four most important tennis  events, each held over two grueling weeks and each offering the most prize money, attention, ranking points, and more. Tennis Singles Stars As of 2017, the winningest mens Grand Slam player of all time is Roger Federer of Switzerland who has won 19 majors: the Australian Open five times, the French Open once, Wimbledon eight times, and the US Open five times. Spains Rafael Nadal comes in second with 15 title wins, and American Pete Sampras is third with 14. Australian Margaret Court, now in her 70s, still holds the distinction of the most majors singles titles with 24: 11 wins at Australian Opens, five at the French Open, three at Wimbledon, and five at the US Open. American Serena Williams follows at 23. Steffi  Graf  of Germany  won 22 Grand Slam singles titles, and  in 1988, this phenomenal player  became the first and only tennis player (male or female) to achieve the  Golden Slam  by winning all four Grand Slam singles titles and the Olympic gold medal in the same calendar year. She is also the only tennis player to have won each Grand Slam event at least four times. With records like this, its easy to see why tennis can be an exciting sport for both players and spectators. To understand the action, here, for your edification and enjoyment, are the top tennis terms in the French language. The World of Tennis, in French le tennis   tennis(le tournoi de) Roland-Garros, les Internationaux de France   French Open(le tournoi de tennis de) Wimbledon   Wimbledonun Grand Chelem a  Grand Slamsimple messieurs   mens singlessimple dames   womens singlesdouble messieurs   mens doublesdouble dames   womens doubles The People of Tennis   un arbitre a  refereeune invitation a  wild cardun joueur de tennis a  tennis playerun juge de ligne a  line judgele serveur the  serverle ramasseur de balles the  Ã‚  ball boyla tà ªte de sà ©rie the  seed, seeded playerla tà ªte de sà ©rie numà ©ro un the  top seed, number one seedla tà ªte de sà ©rie numà ©ro deux the  number two seed Tennis Courts and Equipment la balle de tennis the  tennis ballle carrà © de service the  service boxle choix de cà ´tà ©s the  choice of sidesle choix de service  Ã‚  the choice of servicele couloir  Ã‚  the alley, the tramlinesle court the  courtun court de terre battue a  clay courtun court en dur   a hard courtun court en gazon a  grass courtle filet the  netla ligne de fond the  baselinela ligne de service the  service linela raquette the tennis racket Tennis Serves and Shots un ace an  aceun amorti a  drop shotla balle de service a  service ballun coup a  strokele coup droit the  forehandla deuxià ¨me balle the  second serveune double faute a  double faultun effet a  spinune faute a  fault, error, outun let a  letle lift a  topspinun lob a  lobun revers a  backhandun revers deux mains a  two-handed backhandle service the  serve,  serviceun  slice a  sliceun smash a  smashune volà ©e a  volley Tennis Scoring rien, zà ©ro   lovequinze   fifteentrente   thirtyquarante   fortyA / quinze A   all / fifteen allpartout / quinze partout   all / fifteen allà ©galità ©   deuceavantage service   ad-in, advantage inavantage dehors   ad-out, advantage outla balle de break   break pointla balle de jeu   game pointla balle de match   match pointla balle de set   set pointune dà ©cision   callle jeu   gameun jeu dà ©cisif   tie-breakerjeu, set, match   game, set, matchle match the  matchout   outle set, la manche   setsur la ligne   on the line The Action donner de leffet ( une balle)   to put spin (on a ball)à ªtre au service   to have the service, to be servingfrapper   to hitjouer   to playprendre le service de quelquun   to break someones serveservir   to servetenir le score   to keep the score

How leadership communication differs from conventional management Essay

How leadership communication differs from conventional management communication - Essay Example Many leaders believe that they have communicated once they say something; if the person being directed to do something does not do it unintentionally, it means there was no communication because the receiver did not get the message. Communication is complete only if the receiver understood the message (Daft and Lane 261). In communication, what you hear is equally important to what you say, so communication is a two-way process. A leader is somebody who guides, directs, and motivates people. Leaders should have powers to motivate employees is an organization or people in a community to work together to achieve desired goals. Leadership and management are similar, and they differ in some ways: they both involve working with people, concern about effective management, and other related characteristics. In leadership communication, a leader must communicate effectively. Leaders spend most of their time communicating with the employees; it has been found that communication takes over 70 percent of leaders’ time per day (Daft and Lane 261). Leadership communication to employees or people he/she is in charge of is always transparent, trustful, and open while conventional management communication is normally a directive to the subjects about what needs to be done. This is because leaders are innovators, and they always want to further their innovation while managers are employed to administer the directives that will see the organization grow. A leader should do things he/she believes will help the organization progress. Leaders focus on employees while managers focus on both the customers and employees. Management communication is more consistent than leadership communication. This is because the management in an organization is always in touch with employees since they are in charge of running day-to-day functions and ensuring that the staff performs to the required limit; hence, they are giving directions all the time, unlike leadership, which is not always in touch with employees: they always offer policy decision and they are responsible for overall performance of the organization and its future (Daft and Lane 261). Conventional management communication is informative while leadership communication is not informative. Informative communication only informs the subject of what needs to be done while non-informative communication influences the thoughts, feelings, and actions of the subject, which is what is required from a leader. Leadership communication should be spelled out courageously; if communication is open and honest, it might contain some mistakes, but the mistakes will be better than uninspiring communications. If as a leader you do not have an answer to a question or a problem, admit that you cannot respond, and the employees will respect you believing that you are honest. Management communication should be specific while leadership communication can be changed. Specific communication is simple and concise and not confusin g. Managers should always be at the point and should avoid going around. With brevity and clarity, it will make employees obey time and become disciplined. In leadership communication, the message can be changed; this strategy will prevent the message from going bad. Since leadership is meant to spearhead the organization into the future, the leader’s message should be acceptable to everybody in order to push the

A city (ISTANBUL) that has been continuously inhabited for hundreds of Essay

A city (ISTANBUL) that has been continuously inhabited for hundreds of years - Essay Example The city covers more than five thousand three hundred square kilometres and is coterminous with the Istanbul province whose administrative capital is the city itself neighbouring Bosporus strait in the northwest. The establishment of Istanbul occurred as a Greek colony known as Byzantium in the seventh century BC then in AD 196, it fell to the Roman Republic up to 330 when it became the capital of the Roman Empire and renamed Constantinople (Spielvogel, 2012). In the later antiquity, Constantinople grew to become the biggest in the western hemisphere with almost half a million inhabitants and was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire referred to as Byzantine Empire which came to an end with the Muslim conquest after which it became Ottoman Empire’s capital. There has been a decline in population in the medieval era, but as the Ottoman Empire was approaching its peak, the population of the city rose to about seven hundred thousand inhabitants in the sixteenth century which was second only to Beijing and surpassed only by London later in the eighteenth century (Lafferty, 2009). With the founding of the republic of Turkey in 1923, the headquarters were moved to Ankara from Constantinople and from the thirties, the native title Istanbul has been the only official name of the city and has replaced Constantinople. Istanbul’s public transport can be traced back to mid-1869 when a contract was signed to construct a tram in Ottoman Empire’s capital and by the 1950s, the tram lines were almost one hundred and thirty kilometres long. The trams remained serviceable on the European side up to 1961 and on the Asian section up to 1966. O the other hand, the ferry can be considered as the oldest transportation means in Istanbul, which has to parts split by the Bosporus strait and encircled by the sea. In 1837, boats that belonged to Britain and Russia began transport in the Bosporus with the Istanbul maritime company being started in 1851 through a decree of

Explaining the role of effective communication Essay Example for Free

Explaining the role of effective communication Essay There are wide ranges of ways that communication can take place for example one to one conversations, group conversations. This can either be informal or formal depending on the individual’s outcome. An example of effective communication that can take place in a health and social care setting is a hospital, for example a nurse and her colleague are talking about how much they enjoy their jobs, and this is a form of effective communication. One- To –One communication – A one to one happens when a person speaks to a individual, or writes to the individual to form effective communication. In a one to one communication, it is always effective as both of the people in the one to one work together effectively and interacts well, as both individuals are relaxed and are listening to each other, in a result the communication works effectively and both parties leave with a resolved matter and everything is positive. One to one communication can be formal or informal. An formal one to one communication can take place in a GP, where the patient is discussing their personal problem with the Doctor and the doctor is helping the individual out with their problem, this is part of effective communication as the one to one interacting is working effectively. An informal one to one communication, can take place in a health and social care setting, where two colleagues are on their lunch break and are discussing about how their day has gone so far and etc. , this is a part of effective communication as both parties are interacting effectively. Group communication In a group communication, there is often more going on as it is a wide range of people within the group. During the group communication, each individual will try and get their points and ideas across to the people within the group and the rest will listen and be considerate towards the person speaking. That is a way of effective group communication, as the interacting between the group is working well and effectively. A group communication can be a great benefit, as it’s easier to make decisions and problem solving a ituation as you have various people giving different views and feedback to a matter, and that’s a great way of effective communication. A group communication can include multi- professional working, multi-agency, which happens with professionals and people using services. A multi-professional working involves numerous professionals working together in order to meet the needs of an individual. This will include doctor, police, and social worker to meet the needs of a young adult in a bad situation. Multi-agency is when different organisations work together effectively to the best possible service to families, children and young people. Formal communication Formal communication is a form of communication used by professional to communicate with clients and individuals. This form of communication is important because it shows the professional is showing professionalism within the work their doing to deliver the best possible care for the individual as well as the communication working effectively. An example of formal communication can be, ‘ good morning Sir/Mrs, this shows respect towards the individual. It is important not to use jargon or slang whilst communication formally, because you will come across as you’re not serious about your work, and also the client my not be pleased, also jargon can be a barrier because it can affect the communication between the client and professional due to not understand the technical words. Informal communication Informal communication is a casual exchange or letter that doesnt follow to all of the rules of formal communication. Its like saying hey instead of hello and also writing to your friend and talking about personal things. These are things youd never do in a business environment because it can be considered as formal communication. Informal communication is good way of communication as it can make a individual more relaxed and effective as it’s more easier and complex for the person to interact, as they don’t have to worry about being proper and correct. Interpersonal interaction Interpersonal interaction is how people relate towards each other in a verbal nteraction or non-verbal interaction. Verbal interactions include speech, tone of somebody’s voice, listening and language. Non-verbal interactions include a person’s body language and the way they express it for example their posture, facial expression and their proximity. Interpersonal communication can take place in a health and social care setting, for example: at a care home, there is a new career and she does not s peak English properly, so therefore it is hard for her to interact with the residents, which makes this is a language barrier. P2 – Argyle’s Theory of the Communication Cycle Michael Argyle is a social psychologist who developed theories about interpersonal interaction and human communication. He carried out experimental theories of non-verbal and verbal communication to develop and test he’s theoretical ideas. He has a communication cycle which explains and predicts how communication can occur in a one to one situation. 1. An idea occurs. A resident wants to go to the library and is trying to convince her carer. 2. Message coded. She talks to her carer about the books she used to read and how much she misses reading them. 3. Message sent. The carer says to the resident, ‘what was your favourite book’ this shows the message is sent and the carer understands what the resident is talking about. 4. Message received. Now the carer know what the resident’s favourite book is the resident is happy and is smiling. 5. Message decoded. Then the carer says to her resident would you like me to take you to the library so we can have a look if they have your favourite book and other books your interested in? 6. Message understood. Here the resident is happy and so is the carer because now they both understand each and the communication between the two has worked effectively. Bruce Tuckman defined a model of group development based around numerous stages, sequences or group activity. Tuckman suggested that these stages should happen in order for effective communication to occur in the groups interaction as well as the four stages being completely different. Forming – it is the start of the year and new infants have started the nursery, they tend to be shy and well reserved as they are not used to each other. Storming – as they start to settle in for about a month, they because more comfortable and relaxed with each other, in some cases this might not happen, someone would want to be dominant out of the bunch and this may cause conflict between the infants. Norming – in this stage everyone had built a strong bond between each other, and is working together well. Performing – in this final result the infants become mature and tend to realise that working together effectively can be a positive thing. M1 – Assess the role of effective communication and interpersonal interaction in health and social care with reference to theories of communication. The roles of effective communication in a health and social care setting, is to ensure that if communication with a resident, you must make sure to talk clearly and slowly, face to face make sure the person understands you and you’ve got your message across in the right way, in order for the communication to work effectively. The types of reference to communication are sign language, makaton and braille. These are part of effective communication as they are used by people with a hearing or blind impairment and leaning difficulties in order for them to communicate with others around them. Effective communication is a two-way process in which a person tries to understand the viewpoint of the other person. Communication is a cycle because when two people communicate they will need to make sure that they got their ideas across towards each other and they are understood. There are also barriers that can occur in a communication due the individual’s circumstance, for example: a person using slang, jargon o complex technical terminology can be heard, but their message may not be understood. Scenario I’m going to give a scenario between doctor and a patient, showing communication working effectively. Nurse : did you rest well last night Mrs Jones? Patient: yes I did nurse, I’m feeling slight better. Nurse: that’s a great improvement then, I’m glad you are. Patient: thank you very much nurse. Nurse: I am always here to help my dear. This is a very good way of effective communication, as the nurse and patient are interacting well and both parties are happy as they have understood each other. References (http://www. businessdictionary. com/definition/informal-communication. html) (http://wiki. answers. com/Q/What_is_formal_communication_in_business_organization)

The Island of Jamaica Essay -- Jamaica Countries Geography

The Island of Jamaica The island of Jamaica is the third largest Caribbean island. It is in a group of islands called the greater antilles. It has an area of 10 991 km squared or 4 244 sq. miles. Jamaica spans 230 km east to west and from 80-36 from north to south. It is third only to Cuba, which is the largest, and Hispaniola which is the second largest island. Jamaica lies in the Caribbean sea which is a part of the much larger Atlantic ocean. The island is 960 km south of Florida, 160 km southwest of Haiti, and 140 km south of Cuba. Jamaica is mainly a mountainous island but there are 320 km of fine sandy beaches, swamps, moist fern- forests, sprawling open plains, plateaus, rushing rivers, and magnificent waterfalls. The Blue Mountains are the highest mountains in Jamaica and Blue Mountain Peak which is the highest peak in Jamaica rises to 2256 m or 7 402 feet. They are made up primarily of limestone. Farther to the west in the cockpit country the limestone has eroded over many years to form large depressions, narrow valleys, underground caverns and rivers. Most of the surface rivers are short, swift flowing and descend quickly to the coast and consist of a series of rapids and waterfalls. The island is ringed by plains separated by mountain and sea. The country is divided into three counties. They are Cornwall to the west, Middlesex is central, and Surrey is to the east. Middlesex is the largest county. Jamaica is also divided into 14 parishes which are basically like provinces or states. The parishes are Kingston, St. Andrew, St. Thomas, Portland, St. Mary, St. Ann, Trelawny, St. James, Hanover, Westmoreland, St. Elizabeth, Manchester, Clarendon, and St. Catherine. .. ... Kingston, Jamaica: Kingston Publishers, 1976 Macpherson, John. Carribean Lands. Spain: Longman Group Ltd, 1974 Sherlock, Philip. The Land and People of the West Indies. U.S.A: J.B. Lippincott Company, 1967 Wilkins, Francis. Jamaica. Hong Kong: Chelsea House Publishers, 1987 Zach, Paul., and Hoefer, Hans Insight Guides: Jamaica. Singapore: APA Productions, 1987 Jamaica Information Service. Jamaica: An Overview. Kingston: Jamaica Information Service, 1990 Potter, Mitch. "New Album Kicks off Marley Blitz." The Toronto Star. 6 February, 1991, Sec. E, p. 4 "Jamaica." Merit Students Encyclopedia. 16th ed., 1980 "Jamaica." The World Book Encyclopedia 14th ed., 1989

C.S.I – Myth vs. Reality

Jennifer Weaver L. Leggo Law Monday April 19, 2010 C. S. I – Myth vs. Reality Crime Scene Investigation is a series that followers investigators that use evidence to solve murders. The show is very popular due to its courageous matter and popular characters. However, despite CSI’s popularity it has been heavily criticized for realism to actual crime solving. CSI portrays an inaccurate, to say the least, image of how police solve crimes. To begin with, CSI has depicted many manifestations to people who watch it. Two main things noticed in the episode watched are the myth of crime scene investigating and DNA testing. The show does a really good job â€Å"hollywooding† the field of forensic science. One clear myth of the show is it’s characters and how attractive they are. Forensic scientists are more likely to look like fat men with glasses rather than sexy women who wear camisoles to a crime scene, as seen in the show. In addition, the show depicts solving a case as easy and not time consuming, when in reality the majority of these cases would take months or even years to solve. Moreover, when collecting evidence and DNA in the show, it shows DNA results returning in a matter or hours when it would normally take years. This false interpretation contributes to viewers manifestation of DNA testing in real cases; thinking that its an easy process. The only reality of the show found was when one of the investigators collected a finger print, however, even that was glamorized because a print would never come out so clear, as it did in the show. Overall, the show itself is a good show, it is very entertaining, from its graphics to the acting, however, its realism is non-existent and it exemplifies the forensic field falsely.

Impact of Affordable care act in North Carolina Essay

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) 2010 is one of the most radical healthcare moves in legislation of United States after Medicare and Medicaid. The main goals of ACA were to decrease the number of uninsured and provide cost-effective high-quality care to all in US. According to Kaiser Family Foundation, the potential plan of ACA was to expand coverage to 47 million nonelderly uninsured in the nation, which included 1.6 million uninsured North Carolinians (2014). The purpose of this paper is to review the effect of ACA on the North Carolina uninsured population, the influence of the economy of care provided care and the ethical implications. Impact of ACA on North Carolina Population North Carolina has the highest index of the uninsured population approximately 1.6 million. Being uninsured has a profound impact on the health and well-being of the people. The ACA had a significant impact on the different population categories of North Carolina. According to The Affordable Care Act 2014, Medicaid will cover most low-income people if Federal Poverty Level (FPL) is no greater than 138 percent (Milsted, 2013). The people that have more impact are the children six to eighteen, working parents, nonworking parents, and childless adult. Prior to Affordable Care Act, Medicaid was limited to a specific group of low-income individuals, such as children less than six, pregnant women, elderly and disabled. Childless adult who was homeless or unemployed did not qualify for Medicaid. The Medicaid also did not enroll undocumented immigrants and lawful immigrants that resided lesser than five years in United States (Milstead, 2013). Medicaid expansion became optional with Supreme Court rule 2012, and North Carolina chooses not to expand Medicaid and put their most vulnerable in jeopardy (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). Consequently, the newly eligible uninsured adults in North Carolina will remain without coverage. The reason for this was, ACA envisaged that Medicaid would expand and provide coverage for people below 138% FPL and thus did not provide Marketplace subside for these low-income people. Therefore, the people that did not qualify for Medicaid nor subsides fell into a â€Å"coverage gap† which was estimated as 318,710 or 28 percentage of all uninsured nonelderly adults (Angster & Colleluori, 2014). This brought up ethical dilemma. The people in the coverage gap are facing barriers to health services and financial consequences. The Safety net of clinics and hospitals that had been traditionally serving these populations are still stretch in the state to provide care for the uninsured. Financial Impact of ACA on North Carolina The biggest challenge that US health care is facing is the rapid escalation of health care costs. The United States spends more when compared to other developed centuries in the world. The United States spends 17.7 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in health, and in terms of per- capita cost, US spend $ 8,247 in 2010 (Silberman, 2013). The ACA has put forward many provisions to reduce the health care cost. Some have immediate results, and some may take time to bend the cost curve. The Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) is a model of care that aims to deliver comprehensive care which includes preventive, acute and chronic care to children, adolescents, and adult (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). North Carolina was the first state to get a demonstration grant for the Medicaid and Medicare innovation, and this was used for test PCMH model in seven rural counties. Bundle payments, Accountable Care Organization (ACO), Medicare diagnosis-related group (DRG), and Value-Based Purchasing (VB P) program are all aimed at reducing healthcare spending in the long term by the ACA. (Silberman, 2013). The Federal government will be paying the state â€Å" most of the costs for covering the new eligible: 100 % of the Medicaid costs for newly eligible clients for the first three fiscal years 2014 to 2016, and declining to 90% in 2020† (North Carolina Institute of Medicine, 2014, p. 2). The Affordable Care act also funded North Carolina for Prevention and Public heath Trust  for promoting prevention, wellness, and public health, â€Å"ACA granted $750 million in FY 2011 increasing to dollar two billion in FY 2015 and each year thereafter† (Silberman, 2013, p 28). According to Middle Class Tax Relief and Job creation Act 2012, â€Å"the cut $6.25 billion over 9 years†, the fund instead of reach dollar two billion in 2015, it will reach it only in 2022 and the funds will remain at one billion until 2018 (Silberman, 2013, p 28). Effect of ACA on Cost, Quality, and Access to Treatment According to the North Carolina Institute of Medicine(NCIOM), the Health Benefit Exchange (HBE) created by States or federal government provides standardized information on quality, cost, and network providers, which helps people and small business to select the health plan of choice (2013). Since North Carolina did not meet the deadlines for HBE for 2014, the state created partnership arrangement with North Carolina Department of Insurance for consumer assistance and plan management (Silberman, 2013). The ACA provides cost effective and high quality health coverage through the Health Insurance Market (exchanges). There are different health plans and eligibility factors; to determine what savings and benefits the people can quality. The ACA provides people with income 100% and 400% of FPL to be eligible for the premium tax credits for purchasing marketplace insurance (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). The tax credits are based on income, cost of insurance and are only for people that are not eligible for other coverages. People with income greater than 400% FPL can purchase unsubsidized insurance from marketplace (Kaiser Family Foundation 2014). Agency for Health Research and Quality ranked North Carolina performance score for overall health care quality as â€Å"average† when compared to other states. (Silberman, 2013). To improve the quality of care ACA helped the state to accelerate their effort. ACA recommended the secretary of US Department of Health and Human service to define â€Å"quality†, and healthcare institution should give a report on quality care measures adopted by them. To improve quality ACA also changed the reimbursement policies. The way health care providers were paid was based on quality and outcome of care provided. Increasing incentives and rewards was also emphasized by ACA to  improve the quality of care in North Carolina (Silberman, 2013). PCMH model funded through ACA will improve the quality, effectiveness and efficiency of care delivered, which meets patients unique need and preferences. (Kovner & Knickman, 2011). Ethical Implication of ACA on the Organization and the Patient Health care reforms bring controversial ethical issues to the population as well as to the legislators. There is a critical need for reforms in healthcare to reshape the healthcare delivery system in United States. However, it is always challenging to meet all demands of the people. According to Sorrell (2011), there are be four essential goals that shaped our health care system. First, there is always a want for high-quality care with great benefits. Second, the peoples needed the freedom of choice of â€Å"who, when, and where† for their health (Sorrell, 2011, para.4). Third, the health care should be affordable and fourth the people wanted fellow citizen to share the benefits of the health care (Sorrell, 2011). When people are not treated with equal moral concerns, social injustice occurs. As in North Carolina, it is unfair that the populations that are in the â€Å"coverage gap† who are the poorest of the poor are denied of health care. Here, if North Carolina has opt-in to expand Medicaid, which would have extended coverage to an estimated 1.6 million uninsured people in the state (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2014). According to American College of Physicians (ACP), being uninsured poses a hazard to once health, chronic disease, and morbidity and mortality is high in the uninsured group (2014). Lack of health insurance also effects the people and the community financially, 60 percent of all bankruptcies are related to cost of medical care expenses due lack of insurance (ACP, 2014) Summary Expanding of Medicaid is the North Carolina is one of the solutions to decrease the uninsured population. The Affordable Care Act gives funding to states that opt-in; it would improve not only the health care system but also the economy of the state as a whole in the future. Ethically it is not fair to deny treatment to any patient. With the new health care reform and newer evidence-based researches we can develop better Healthcare Models to  contain this rising cost and provide universal health care to all. Affordable Care Act has to work against the obstacles, and it is still unfolding (ACP, 2014). It will take time, â€Å" to know the real impacts of Affordable Care Act reform experiment is a success, a failure or a little of both† (ACP, 2014, p.305). But once thing for sure, Affordable Care Act have decreased the number of uninsured in United States. References American College of Physicians (2014). How North Carolinians can access affordable, comprehensive health insurance. Retrieved from http://www.acponline.org/advocacy/state_health_policy/aca_enrollment/states/nc.htm Angster,D., & Colleluori, S ( 2014, April1). Study: Top NC newspapers Miss Coverage Gap in reporting on Medicaid expansion. Media Matters for America. Retrieved from http://mediamatters.org/research/2014/04/01/study-top-nc-newspapers-misses-coverage-gap-in/198701 Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014, April 7). How will the uninsured fare under the affordable care act. Retrieved from http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/how-will-the-uninsured-fare-under-the-affordable Kaiser Family Foundation. (2014, January 6). How will the uninsured in North Carolina fare under the affordable care act. Retrieved from http://kff.org/health-reform/fact-sheet/state-profiles-uninsured-under-aca-north-carolina/-care-act Kovner, A. R., & Knickman, J. R. (Eds.). (2011). Health care delivery in the United States (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). New York, NY: Springer Publishing. Milstead, J. A. (2013). Health policy and politics: A nurse’s guide (Laureate Education, Inc., custom ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. North Carolina Institute of Medicine. (2014). Examining the impact of the patient protection and affordable care act in north Carolina. Retrieved from http://www.nciom.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Medicaid-summary-FINAL.pdf Silberman, P ( 2013, January 25). The ACA: an essential first step towards improved population health. Retrieved from http://publichealth.nc.gov/shd/presentations/2013/AffordableCareAct-2013SHDConf-Silberman-012513.pdf Silberman, P. (2013, August 1). Implementing the affordable Care Act in North Carolina: The rubber hits the road. North Carolina Medical Journal. 74(4), 298 -307. Retrieved from http://www.ncmedicaljournal.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/74403.pdf

How to Write Philosophy Term Paper Complete Guide

How to Write Philosophy Term Paper Complete Guide Need advice on how to approach a challenging philosophy term paper? Writing in philosophy differs from other types of academic writing because the main aim of any paper is to provide a reasoned defense of the thesis and convince the reader to accept it. If you face problems with completing writing assignments in philosophy, keep reading this article, where you will find a short and easy philosophy term paper writing guide that covers all the main aspects of creating an impressive paper. What Is a Philosophy Term Paper? Philosophy is often defined as an inquiry into important matters for the whole humanity – justice, meaning, truth, reality, mind, and knowledge which philosophy examines logically, directly, and in-depth. In the western philosophy, the philosophical inquiry was developed as a verbal activity, taking a specific form of a dialogue (Socrates) or in the written form (Aristotle, Plato, and plenty of philosophers who followed them). In both forms, the main goal of any philosophical inquiry is to create a thesis and persuade the audience to accept the thesis using logical, honest, and thorough argumentation. In contrast to other fields of study, philosophical writing is argumentative writing. Philosophy papers don’t simply report facts, explain ideas or convey the author’s beliefs. Philosophers examine specific philosophical issues or problems and do philosophy. Their writings typically deal with: investigating the nature of an issue or a problem; presenting a solution or a view on the problem; arguing in defense of that view or a solution. Sometimes, the aim of philosophical writing is to develop a view on an issue or a theory and defend them. Philosophical writings may also present a critique of a view of another philosopher or critique of opposing views and defend the author’s preferred view. The aim of written assignments in philosophy classes is to get students doing philosophy so they are expected to write philosophical essays and term papers. They differ from academic papers you have to write in other classes. Your task is not just to do a research and provide your opinion on the topic, you need to develop your own views on different important issues and argue for them. Your goal is to persuade your audience that your ideas are correct and make your readers believe your view is true. That’s why the aim of your philosophy term paper is to present a well-structured, convincing defense of your position on some issue or critically evaluate a philosophical theory. Choosing a Worthy Topic for Philosophy Term Paper If your instructor hasn’t assigned any specific topic for your term paper, you have to choose it on your own. The best approach is to write on a topic you are passionate about so you will enjoy the writing process. Make sure that your topic is broad enough to write about it and is narrow enough so you can manage it. Basically, there are 2 types of topics for philosophy papers: problem-focused topic and text-focused topics. Problem-focused topics. These concern a certain philosophical issue or problem without reference to some text of a particular philosopher (e.g. Is euthanasia ethical?). Text-focused paper topics. They are about considering the writing of a particular philosopher on a specific issue (e.g. Discuss critically Kant’s freedom definition). The difference between these two types of topics is not critical because any text of a certain philosopher is devoted to a particular philosophical problem or question and practically all philosophical problems have already been written about by philosophers. When writing on text-focused topics, you should approach them as attempts of the philosophers to deal with specific philosophical issues or problems. Actually, you will have to do philosophy with other philosophers and think about the specific issues. As for problem-focused topics, you can use texts of different philosophers when you explore these topics. Of course, this approach is not obligatory but it may be helpful, especially, for beginners because texts can help you stay focused while you provide respond to the question. Here we have a short list of extended philosophy term paper topics which you a free to use to get started. Berkeley, Hume, and Skepticism; Kant on the World; Berkeley’s Doctrine of Signs; Descartes on Certainty And Skepticism; Marx’s Concept of Ideology; Socrates’ Philosophical and Religious Views; Plato’s Theory of Beauty; Aristotles Conception of the Soul; Heidegger on Art; Nietzsche on Human Nature And Morality. Structuring a Philosophy Term Paper Your typical assignment for writing a term paper can be evaluating some thesis or argument that was presented by another philosopher. Concerning this argument or thesis, you may be assigned to make one or more of the following steps: explain a thesis; present an argument to support it; give an objection to this argument or thesis; discuss the consequences that a thesis might; defend a thesis against an objection to it; assess the arguments against and for it etc. No matter which tasks you will have to complete, your term paper should always meet some structural requirements and you need to provide reasons for claims you make. It’s very important to plan your essay in advance before you start writing. You should think about the paper structure where all parts of it are logically connected. There are no strict rules on how your term paper must be structured and the structure will depend on a certain topic to a large extent. But typically, your philosophy term paper will consist of an introduction, body paragraphs, and a conclusion. Introduction Your introductory paragraph has to present information about the particular issue you are going to address, what goal you expect to achieve in your term paper, and how you plan to organize your argument to do it. Make your introduction to be your readers’ guide through your paper that will help them understand your ideas. You can do it this way: Start by formulating your paper’s thesis Define terminology used in your thesis or in your argument Explain the structure of your paper to your readers and inform them about the order in which you are going to argue your key points Don’t begin your paper with some empty sentences like this one: â€Å"For centuries, philosophers have pondered what it means to know†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Such a beginning is not relevant and has nothing to do with the topic you are writing about. You may start like this: â€Å"In this paper, I will refute Mr. Black’s statement about†¦ by showing that it†¦ Then I will present 3 arguments that support my thesis. They are 1)†¦ 2)†¦ 3)†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Body The body of your philosophy term paper should develop your analysis of a certain problem and express your arguments for your position. This part of the paper should be written according to the brief outline you have presented in your introduction. The body of your term paper has to consist of 3 essential parts: exposition argumentation respond to possible objections Depending on the topic of your paper, you will need to provide a brief summary or exposition of the argument, theory or a view you are going to examine. You will have to explain the argument or the theory in your own simple words and be very precise and concise, providing details that are essential for your thesis and your argument. You can also explain here some technical terms that are necessary for understanding your argument. The main focus of your term paper is argumentation. You have to present an argument to support the thesis you have made in your introduction. You should use straightforward language and be precise in telling what you actually mean. In this part of your paper, you will need some examples to prove your points but don’t include too much evidence or you may distract your readers. Try to be as concise as possible. To strengthen your own argument, you should anticipate objections and answer to them. It’s a very important step in defending your thesis. You should think about the most serious objections to your argument. If you happen not to know what to answer to a tough objection, you should consider 2 options: You may do your best to provide some answer to this objection. You may rethink your own position – what if your own arguments need more efforts or maybe your point of view can’t be supported by argument. You are free to change your mind anytime. You can do it and rewrite your paper according to this. In philosophical writing, this experience does happen and your ideas may become different from what you have thought before. Conclusion Your conclusion should not be long (about 1/3-1/2 a page). You should restate your thesis and explain what you think your argument has proved. You may also want to highlight some important limitations or implications to your argument. How to Get Your Term Paper Done Philosophical problems are complex so you will need a great deal of preparation to succeed in writing your philosophy paper. That’s why you should start as early as possible. You should plan your paper first and write rough sketches of ideas relevant to your topic. Freewriting is a great technique that will help you think things through. Then, you should write a detailed outline that will guide you when writing your term paper. Your outline should include your thesis and your argument in a brief form. You will also need to include possible objections and your responses to them. As you write your outline, you are most likely need to revise certain points in your argument or even the whole answer. You should make as many revisions as you need to feel that your argument is clear and you are completely satisfied with the outline of your paper. Your next step is creating your first complete draft of your paper. You should focus on the clarity and logic of your argument. When you complete your first draft, you should revise it several times, taking into account the logic, the flow, and the particular word choices. You can read your draft aloud or ask someone to read it and provide feedback about it. In this way, you will get a better idea which parts of your arguments are weak and need more work. Your final draft should present the clearest argument you could imagine. When you are satisfied with the content of your final draft, you need to edit it and fix grammar, spelling, and punctuation. You can read your draft backward to better notice possible mistakes or ask your friends and family members to help you proofread your final draft. You should check all your quotes and paraphrases to ensure that they are properly referenced according to a particular citation style specified by your professor. Typically, philosophers use CMS or MLA to format their papers. General Tips from Our Experts on Writing Philosophy Term Papers Stick to your assignment. Make sure that all points in your argument are relevant to the problem and to the defending your position. Get rid of the sentences that don’t advance your argument. Use simple prose. Use simple familiar words and make your sentences and paragraphs short. Don’t write the lengthy introductions because they are boring and unnecessary for well-informed readers. Make your introduction as brief as possible and go straight to your topic. Don’t rely too heavily on paraphrases or quotations. Use quotes only where you can’t do without them and keep your paraphrases to a minimum. Your instructor wants to see your own thoughts. Don’t appeal to authorities. Don’t argue that the claim is true because someone of a great authority was of that opinion. Anyone can be wrong. Don’t appeal to any dictionary and avoid appealing to science because scientific findings are not authoritative on philosophical questions. Avoid emotional appeals because they are not arguments. You shouldn’t tell your audience what you feel. You need to tell them what you believe and provide reasons to explain and support your ideas.

Paper Crafting Assistance from the Professionals

Paper Crafting Assistance from the Professionals â€Å"What is an English essay?† While this sounds like the easiest thing on the planet, we often get asked this question. As a student, you know the drill! There’s no way you will evade crating an English paper. This is just one of those essays that you have to write at one point in your academic life. Are you confident that you have the necessary skills to complete this paper? Do you even have the time to write this paper by yourself? Are you certain that you will ace this paper? Most students cannot craft their papers for varied reasons. First, they lack time to handle their assignments because they are tied up with other responsibilities, such as studying for exams, going to class, and completing other papers. Probably, they just want to relax and have a good time with friends. Other students are not skilled enough to complete these papers by themselves. They lack the know-how to craft these assignments, and they need assistance or a guide on how to go about it. Our service is the answer to all your assignment problems. Leave your paper to us if you’re looking for a professional writer that can create a persuasive paper and meet your deadlines. Still, if you need help on how to write an English essay step by step, you’ve come to the right place. We will guide you that way you can create an outstanding paper for yourself. Guidelines on How to Write an English Essay Creating such a paper may sound easy, but it isn’t. You must put several things into consideration before starting. If you need guidance on how to create such a paper, then you’ve come to the right place. Our service understands how students struggle with creating even the simplest papers. It is very normal to struggle with creating an essay even if you have been doing it for decades. However, once you master how to do it, it gets easier. Our guide is intended to make life easier for you. We have compiled a list of guidelines and tips that can help you while writing an English essay. Make use of them to increase your chances of getting a good grade in your assignment. The Guide on How to Start an English Essay Now that your professor has handed you an assignment, you are conflicted on how to begin an English essay. The first thing that you need to understand is what you are being asked of. Do you understand what the question or topic expects of you? There are important terms that you have to look out for since they act as guidelines on how you should come up with your response to the topic question. Comprehending what is expected if you will not only enable you to structure your paper properly, but it will also show you the direction in which you should take your research to answer the questions effectively. If you are to write on a topic of your choice, make sure you choose something that you’re passionate about, but it still has to be relevant. Next, research on the topic. If you intend to achieve high marks, make use of academic research articles. You must go through several sources before choosing the most relevant for your topic. Once you’re done conducting your research , create an outline of how your paper will look like. These are requirements that have to be adhered to in the structure of an English essay. Even though questions may be different and education levels may be varied, all these papers will follow a similar structural basis every time. Crafting successfully is dependent upon comprehending the structural rules. Your paper has to begin with an introduction which will sum up how you intend to answer the question, and the course that your arguments will follow. The main body will follow what has been set out in your introduction. Present your arguments coherently and logically, and link your paragraphs so that they flow from one to the next. Finally, the conclusion should sum up what you have presented and deliver the message that you intend the audience to take away with them. Next, refine your arguments. Ensure that once you’re done with the first draft of your paper, you refine your arguments. Make sure that they particularly address the question, and that your content flows coheren tly. You can take a break once you’re done, and start later after you’ve relaxed. Alternatively, you can read out your text aloud to judge on the flow and coherence. Finally, make sure that your paper adheres to the basic formatting guidelines that have been laid out by your professor. If you fail to do so, there is a chance that you perform poorly despite crafting a good paper. Additional Tips for Writing an English Essay You must utilize these tips on how to make an English essay. Make the most out of them if you hope to attain an excellent grade: Planning Will Come in Handy Even if it will seem like a waste of time, especially when you’re caught up with other academic responsibilities, it is always important that you brainstorm for a while before starting your paper. This will enable you to come up with the best-supporting ideas, instead of those that just come into mind, then position them in your paper accordingly. Make sure that your best supporting idea which makes the strongest case, and the one that you have the most knowledge on coming first. Even if you have the best-written paper, you can fail because you placed your arguments ineffectively. Aim for Variety Make use of vocabulary and sentences of varying complexity. Stop using the same words over and over. Constant Practice Good writing cannot happen overnight. Constantly practice mastering the art of crafting good English essays. Order from Our Service Today for Top-Notch Assistance Going through our guide is one thing. Comprehending how to write a good English essay is an entirely different thing. Don’t feel frustrated even though you haven’t grasped the entire process. We are at your service if you need assignment help. Order from our service today, and leave all your assigning burdens to a professional writer capable of handling them.

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT PORTFOLIO - Essay Example Nevertheless, a significant proportion of the individuals makes efforts and meets several personal and professional targets with the passage of time. However, there appears to be very small proportion of the individuals which establishes glorious aims, related to personal, social and financial aspects, and hits the bull’s eye within shortest span of time. Such persons are the leaders of their society, and the world looks at them with great admiration and envy, and feels pride in affiliating with them in one way or the other; Socrates, Sophocles, Aristotle, Aquinas, Sir William Shakespeare, Karl Marx, Karl Jung, Robert Owen, Bill Gates and Sir Richard Branson are few names in the long list of the most successful persons, who altered the thoughts and structure of their society by dint of their exceptional talent, ironed will and magnificent accomplishments. Hence, devising of high aims and working day-in and day-out to achieve the same is the order of the day to earn respect, fa me and pecuniary gains in this age of perfect competition. â€Å"Many persons†, Keller submits, â€Å"have a wrong idea of what constitutes true happiness. It is not attained through self-gratification but through fidelity to a worthy purpose.† (1903, p. 31) Like every human being, I have also drawn the road map of personal and professional goals in life. The canvas of my aims is not confined to one specific field; on the contrary, I have divided the same into educational, technical and occupational categories. I had received my primary and middle education from my native country. On passing my O levels examination from the native town, I dreamed of proceeding to the UK in order to seek higher education. Since I have been highly technical-minded since my childhood, I aimed to perform something extraordinary in the field of computer sciences. Actually my loving parents wanted me to stay close to their eyes; they resisted my plans of leaving the country initially. Howeve r, on finding me extremely ambitious to perform something in life, they supported me with their consent and hearties wishes regarding my plan to set out for the UK. â€Å"The latest THE-QS World University Rankings show four UK universities in the top 10 of the world's best. QS Top Universities finds out which universities they are. Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial and UCL - they're the names of the UK's top universities according to the 2008 THE-QS World University Rankings.† (Quoted in topuniversities.com) Since I am not that sort of person that changes his plans swiftly, I always ponder on various aspects of my ambitions, and they it appear to be practicable, I stick to them without displaying any wavering in this respect for the future years to come. Thus, on arriving in the UK, I got admission in A levels, which I passed two years after my stay in the UK. I knew it very well that I should not put extraordinary financial burden of my studies and daily expenditures on my parent s. Consequently, I applied for job at B&A Repair Centre, London against the position of trainee mechanic. My superiors paid due heed on me, and within six month of

City Genral plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

City Genral plan - Essay Example As well as activities that are acceptable on every land parcel, this provides every area with compatibility and continuity as well as those individuals who border those areas. Taking an example of a general plan of Albany, in New York and, the element of land use element has been addressed of which its purpose is to benefit individuals and shape development of cities this is vividly seen in reference with the cities prospective of which its plans are to shape the road ahead, with a target that they feel should be accomplished in the future twenty years from the current time. In the land use plan land uses a pattern known as the spatial distribution all over the city and ways in which for instance the occupants or even enterprises make use of land that is available. The goals that are entailed in this element are simple but at the same time work best, it ties to the six original visions statements which are original and its aim is to support the adoption of a balanced future land use pattern standing with these concepts. There’s also strategies in the land use element and has suggestions such as the utilization of properties that have been neglected or could be they are not occupied, maps are used to guide decisions in the transportation connections land generally the use of land. The land use map outlines a number of lands uses for instance what is referred to as the downtown hub. In all of these corridors there’s employment and education centers that are contained and their results lead to a prosperous economy and revitalized development of the city. The land use element is essential because it is what is used to guide future development and make land use decisions that maintain attractive and economically sustainable city, through considering citizens satisfaction survey in making improvements it can lead to a commendable city development. While dealing with the land use element hardships that are involved in matters like understanding nature an d the limitations the planners coaching and motivation bring to decision concerning how land is used. In land use element we see that the cultural factors are mainly less emphasized in comparison to the physical and even the economic and social characteristics in making decisions on land use patterns. For instance in places that are have the potential of productivity according to soil and the slope parameters and to the existing social economic aspect do not maintain the activities that a land use would assign to them. The cultural factors that affect land use element and mostly in development of a city are information, the technology and the biasness that comes along this factors could either affect land use component positively or negatively. Due to cultures being different from one another, there happen that evaluation on land use can’t be standardized for similar physical conditions. People living and working in a given space often there’s is disregard the proposal s of studies on the constraints that are physical in the area. When we have people living and working together at a place there’s usually disregard of proposals on studies on the physical parameters of the area. Land use element evaluation on the Albany city portrays the potential for production and loss under a specified land use thus there is no possibility of commanding a decision that depends on the individuality of the populations influenced. Some of the systems attributes turn out to be dangerous to the

Consider the value of mobilisation theory in understanding trade union Essay

Consider the value of mobilisation theory in understanding trade union activism in all its forms - Essay Example The trade unions probably had a role in advancing equality between gender and equality among races. They have been mobilised to combat the onslaught of the HIV-AIDS in the working places and were important conduits to better health for employees and the proletariat. It can also be argued that trade unions are among the leading organizations in the fight against HIV-AIDS and all scourge of humanity (Trade Union Congress of the United Kingdom 2011). At the same time, however, trade unions are organizations that are relatively to radicalize in society. Marx, Engels, Trotsky, and other leaders of Marxism and several generations of the Communist and Socialist International have focused on the trade unions for their revolutionary work. The charisma of communist and socialist organisations has once threatened the industrial revolution in the late 18th and 19th centuries. The Marxist liberations movements strengthened by the trade unions have almost wiped out capitalism in the face of globe. Once upon a time, the Marxist liberation movements have covered much of Europe through Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and through the â€Å"people’s republics† of China, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. ... II. Mobilisation Theory: the Kelley and the Johnson-Jarley perspectives The emergence of mobilization theory is attributed to John Kelly. According to Johnson and Jarley, Kelly’s mobilisation theory moved industrial relations discourse â€Å"away from collective bargaining and its associated institutions and towards an examination of the processes that converts individual grievances into collective action† (2004, p. 543). Kelly’s work had emphasized that â€Å"injustice serves as the central organizing principle for mobilizing workers, and as such provides a potential powerful construct for understanding industrial relations processes† (Johnson and Jarley 2004, p. 543). The tone and content of the work of Johnson and Jarley (2004) supported Kelly’s perspective. In interpreting the trade union history of the United States, Johnson and Jarley pointed out the trade union rhetoric had centred their demands on â€Å"workplace dignity† and â€Å"s ocial justice†. However, perhaps we should not forget that there was no other alternative then but to centre on the rhetoric because the industrial revolution was probably associated as well with growing inequality. In the United Kingdom, I believe it is well known that the industrious revolution has been associated with long working hours and enslavement of women and children in factory grounds as a few lived in luxury. Women and children have to work for long hours during the early phase of the industrial revolution as the factory owners were enriching themselves. The work of Johnson and Jarley (2004) was built on testing the argument that member participation in trade union work is a function of workplace injustice and justice perceptions. The Johnson and Jarley

Effect of the Financial Crisis on House Prices

Effect of the Financial Crisis on House Prices Financial Crises. Analysis of House prises in London  and Almaty and how world financial crises  affected Kazakhstans economy. The subprime market crisis that hit the financial markets in the summer of 2007 caused a series of negative market reactions on a global scale. The tightly entwined nature of world financial markets represents a global loop whereby occurrences in one market have implications in and for others. This factor has been and will continue to be one that triggers international financial incidents, and in some cases they result in what are termed as a crisis. A crisis is defined as â€Å"†¦an unstable or crucial time or state of affairs in which a decisive change is impending; especially :one with the distinct possibility of a highly undesirable outcome†[1]. This describes the financial situation that forms the basis for this study, the subprime mortgage meltdown in the United States that hit the global stage in the Summer of 2007. In equating the ramifications of the preceding, two locales will serve as the focal point of the foregoing. London and Almaty are two examples that offer a distinct contrast in terms of where they sit in the global economic arena. London is located in the financial stable European Union, and is a city that has gone through differing economic turmoil in its long history. Almaty, is located in Kazakhstan, a new country that was borne out of the ashes of the break-up of the Soviet Union, and is seeking its economic identity through creating an infrastructure that is being crafted from the state run Soviet system that left few positives in its passing. The financial services sector is often a little understood arena owing to the complexities of how it operates within the context of international economic activity and the variables of the market economy. The intricate nature of the ties between differing regions, and how they interact upon one another represents a complex set of macro and micro economic aspects within which this crisis developed and impacted every corner of the globe. This study shall look into the manner in which this financial crisis affected the real estate markets in Almaty, Kazakhstan as well as London, England looking to uncover the why of this impact, along with the ramifications. 1.0 Introduction The tightly interlinked nature of the global economy has brought every corner of the globe closer together as a result of the advances in technology. This fact is also of course true for the financial services sector. In the later part of 2006 a financial issues began brewing in the United States as a result of lending activities in the home real estate sector. The underlying problems created from the lending of favourable interest rate loans that were put into motion by the Federal Reserve System in the United States to spur economic growth translated into a later meltdown as a result of defaults. The Secretary of the Treasury, Henry Paulson, Jr., stated that the situation â€Å"†¦ came about because of some bad lending practices[2]. Timing, circumstances, and other factors in the complex web of national economics that are tied to global economics can generate an unpredictable set of occurrences that can mushroom in almost any direction. Such is the situation that befell the subprime mortgage arena as it reeled from a cascading series of events than impacted global markets. So great were the ramifications that the situation still threatens the U.S. economy. Fears of a recession have been forecast as a possible outcome of the downturn this situation contributed to. The discussion of what transpired in the United States is integral to understanding the wave of events that represent the focus of this study. There are those who believe that the foundation for the crisis was laid in good economic principles, and it was the greed of some operators in the U.S. financial sector that abused the directive with what is termed as predatory lending practices[3]. There are others who fault funds and banking systems for helping to fuel the underpinnings that lead to the crisis, and still others who think that such market shake outs are the way in which the international financial sector finds ways to deal with loose bolts within th e system[4]. Alexander et al (2002) tell us that[5]: â€Å"Finding that some loans are more risky than others does not, by itself, imply a market inefficiency. Inefficiency exists only if loans with different risk receive similar interest rates. We document such an inefficiency†. The ramifications of the tightly wound international financial system is that while it provides opportunities to make money, it also magnifies the downsides and loses money. Gains always have their negatives, thus financial mishaps have and will continue to happen. In understanding the subprime financial crisis, a broad number of topic areas will be covered herein to draw a picture of the matter in which financial markets work in this instance. One key aspect of the foregoing is liquidity. McGee[6] tells us â€Å"The essence of a liquidity crisis is a flight from riskier assets to cash†. In understanding the many contributing factors, one has to be mindful that this situation originated in the United States, thus there are other considerations that also factor into the equation. Financial crises situations are nothing new; they are market occurrences that appear on an all too frequent basis. Chi and Gai[7] provide a perspective on this: â€Å"The spate of financial crises in emerging market economies as diverse as Brazil, Korea, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey, during the 1990s has focused attention on the importance of improving the policy framework for the management and prevention of crises. A distinctive feature of these modern crises has been the role of imbalances in the national balance sheet. Maturity, currency, and capital structure mismatches meant that the capital account took centre-stage, with large external financing gaps emerging as a result of unparalleled reversals of capital flows. Foreign investors wanted, and attempted, to withdraw from these countries at the same time, much like a run by depositors on a bank. Once sentiment soured sufficiently so that a critical mass of investors rushed to withdraw their claims, the crises became self-fulfilling as others found it rational to join the herd.† The preceding situation represents a different financial crisis, however it does provide us with some valuable insights that will guide us through the varied aspects that will be discussed herein. The important part of their statement is the fact that risk represents an underpinning in financial transactions, thus risk is a situation to be minimised. A sense of the complexity of this examination is provided by Langley[8] who states: â€Å"Any attempt to apprehend contemporary world finance encounters not only significant structural changes that cannot easily be captured, but also the predominance of neo-liberal political economy in framing our knowledge of world finance. Alternatives to the neo-liberal mode of knowledge of world finance are a necessary first step towards forestalling the worst eventualities of the current structural transformation. Neo-Liberalism represents a facet of this examination in that[9]: â€Å"The most powerful coalitions between state agents and economic actors are found in liberal political economies. The Soviet Union offered an alternative to capitalism that theoretically emphasized economic justice and material welfare, one that intertwined economic and political power even more closely together than elites are thought to be in liberal capitalist states. Even so, the power of the economic agents of the Soviet state was more structurally constrained than the power of capitalist states and their agents. In a global economy, the underpinning foundation is capital, and the movement of that capital to effect borrowing and lending, along with the financial instruments that accompany such action[10]. Capital movements have cycles that are marked by up turns and down turns based upon the activities within markets and the decision of the cogs (individuals) that run the machinery. The foundation, influence, reasons and reasoning behind those decisions represent paths that lead in differing directions which impact other course of actions that create cycles. This study shall follow these paths as they related to the subprime crisis. 2.0 Background As indicated, the financial crisis under examination originated in the United States, starting as far back as 2002. The ramifications of that event shall be covered in the Literature Review of this examination. In setting up the path of understanding for the journey through the twists and turns of the crisis, a foundational pillar of understanding is necessary in order to see the varied ramifications. Carrada-Bravo[11] advises â€Å"the process of creating value starts with the identification of a market need.† Today’s international financial system is an outgrowth of[12]: â€Å"The collapse of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates in the early 1970s marked the last major turning point in the evolution of global finance, ushering in the generalised non-system of exchange rate arrangements that survives today. However, at least as important in the development of international financial relations since then has been the enormous growth in the volume of international capital flows. In large part, this growth is attributable to the dismantling of the panoply of exchange controls introduced during the Bretton Woods era to facilitate exchange rate management by central banks under the auspices of the International Monetary Fund.† In understanding the dynamics of the circumstances that comprise the comparison of events in London and Almaty, Makin[13] provides us with an important capsulisation of the underpinnings that will be brought out herein: â€Å"The domestic financial markets of many economies have therefore been increasingly internationalised in the wake of liberalising policy initiatives implemented by governments around the world. Financial market liberalisation in many advanced economies was virtually complete by the late 1980s. With the removal of previously stringent regulations over domestic and international financial transactions, institutional barriers impeding the movement of financial capital between many regions of the world have now largely disappeared. Accompanying the domestic deregulatory changes were tighter prudential arrangements in advanced economies aimed at strengthening the capitalisation of banks and hence the stability of domestic financial systems. Such accompanying arrangements have been lacking in many emerging economies however and this has been a fundamental reason for recurrent financial crises in these economies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The highly integrated nature of international financial markets as a result of globalisation has integrated national economies to the point that the world is virtually a seamless flow of capital. The foregoing, combined with the international liberalisation of world financial markets that arose out of Bretton Woods facilitated a dramatic increase in financial movements across borders that has been aided by advances in technology that have reduced transaction time, and lowering costs[14]. The increased efficiency of the preceding has helped to increase the pool of funds available for lending activities to all nations. Capital mobility is the underpinning for the preceding as fund availabilities can be quickly correlated. These advances have brought with them inherent problems, one of which is an important facet of the manner in which the subprime crisis impacted Almaty more than it did London. The following provides insight into an area that is an important point of understanding to b e remembered[15].: â€Å"International money market activity of this order and the lightning speed at which funds can now quit countries has also prompted many commentators to question its worth and, in light of heightened vulnerability to foreign investor sentiment, to emphasise its perceived dangers. In particular, strong objections to the ever-increasing trend of financial globalisation have been raised on the grounds that the governments of the economies most affected have ceded their economic sovereignty to international investors.† Thus, the actions of individuals within a market can start a feeding frenzy based upon the promise of available opportunities that seem to be available in the future to entice bankers into lending policies that incur the preceding. This is exactly what occurred in Almaty, as shall be explained in the Analysis. Given the aforementioned complexities involved in a discussion of this crisis. This background is being utilised to inject core issues that will be useful in understanding the circumstances and other areas to be explored. In finance, risk equates into a higher rate of return as fewer opportunities for borrowing are present. This has been a fundamental principle of lending since antiquity. High current account deficits along with rising foreign debt, means more risk, thus interest premiums must be charged. This makes the cost of money higher inside a country and acts as an inhibitor to borrowing. The preceding translates into the creditability of the borrower and the circumstances involved. Desai and Said[16] help us in understanding the relationships involved in international finance in term of how they apply to the countries in which London and Almaty are located in, which impacts the events that occurred: â€Å"Financial crises, from the perspective of territorial order, arise because of a loss of control by sovereign states over financial markets and financial flows. The problem is invariably seen as one of inadequate regulation, the failure of governments either individually, or in concert with others, to exert sufficient control over the international economy. Economic agents have created patterns of activity which have escaped the control of governments. The response to these problems is to find ways of restoring the control of each sovereign state over these activities by increasing regulation. This may involve enforcing existing powers, or creating new institutions, either intergovernmental or national in their scope.â€Å" In times of crisis, increased financial regulation is imposed either internally by the sovereign state, or externally by lending controls that make the cost of money more expressive, and thereby limits its use. This represents what Desai and Said[17] tell us is â€Å"cosmopolitan order† in global finance that:  ·Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ emphasises not state sovereignty but either market sovereignty or the sovereignty of capital accumulation. There are many different variants of the cosmopolitan conception of world order including neo-liberal, Marxist and Austrian strands but what all of them share is the assumption that the state and politics are subordinate to the way in which the economy is organised, whether this is the spontaneous market order of Hayek or the system of production relations of Marx. These structures determine how the society as a whole evolves and they supply its ordering principles. This means that states have to operate within fairly tight constraints, imposed by the way in which markets and accumulation work. They do not have much discretion in determining their responses. The growth of a global system of production and exchange, from the very first, tended to run ahead of states and national jurisdictions. It ended up undermining and circumscribing them. It has not destroyed them, but it has created powers, resources, networks and institutions which go far beyond them and which it is impossible for states to control without destroying the conditions for economic growth and prosperity and with them the fiscal basis for their own existence. World order is cosmopolitan rather than national in this sense. It is based not on states and intergovernmental co-operation, but on the logic of markets and capital accumulation.† The preceding is another important central aspect that is a part of this study, in that it applies to Almaty, and how the subprime meltdown ripple effect was handled to bring about a correction in Kazakhstan. 3.0 Methodology The approach to this study utilised a number of techniques to approach the examination of how the United States subprime mortgage crisis impacted Almaty and London. The complexity of the situation entailed looking at economic, statistical, historical, pre and post market factors, and other elements to equate the forces acting upon various markets in order to glean a picture of the what transpired. The following will set forth the various techniques used. 3.1 Research Philosophy and Approach Qualitative and quantitative research was used in this study as the combination of these two approaches led to a more comprehensive understanding of the forces acting upon the situation. The foregoing aided in equating key aspects of the study as represented by occurrences that transpired in the market, along with historical components. Secondary research that entailed books, journals, magazines and the Internet were used as the study entailed gathering past data and contemporary information in order to compile a picture of the situation and aspects associated with this investigation. As the range of the examination took in a broad array of financial, market components, it must be understood that in researching data it might have been possible that some information was either overlooked and or not available. The volumes of data on the study also rendered the possibility that some more important sources of information where not found that could have potential altered the findings, ana lysis, conclusions and or recommendations reached. In order to guard against such possibilities a number of differing sources were reviewed in order to form a more balanced assessment of the information. 3.2 Research Strategy One of the research methods utilised in this study represented what is termed as a cross-sectional study. The foregoing represents a method entailing observation of a number of items during the same point of time[18]. The preceding was utilised as opposed to a longitudinal study as the later represents observations occurring over a long period of time[19]. In conducting this study utilising the cross-section method, the foregoing entailed explorative, as well as descriptive and explanatory facets as it delved into the nuances of the industry, seeking to describe the contextual factors, along with the explanation of strategies, and tactics. The vast views of approach, and thought contained in understanding this study takes in a broad range of secondary research as this method provides exposure to a balanced view that is not skewed by what can occur in primary research. Secondary research allows us to be in touch with many different points of view, however, it can not always be relied upon as the researcher may have sourced the wrong materials in making the analysis, and or missed certain key points that were either not available, or unknown at the time the study was conducted. Secondary research represents the gathering of information from books, journals, articles, other research sources, and case examples. Secondary research represents a means to collect information regarding techniques and procedures, as well as strategies, rationales and the reasons behind courses of action, and or circumstances. Within this study, the literature search represented the main sources of information. It, the literature search, consisted of an examination of existing material, searching for information pertinent to the project. The means via which to approach the study of a project can take on many forms. Inductive and deductive research represent two techniques that can be brought together to understand the views of differing approaches to the area under examination[20]. The combining of research methodologies has been advised as a means to improve the quality of an examination, and it is possible to bring these different approaches to bear on one study, whereby there are advantages in so doing. Table 1– Comparison of Inductive and Deductive Research[21] Saunders’ (2006, p. 121) advises that the path of deductive research often is faster in terms of completion, as the data collection is usually based on what he terms as â€Å"†¦ one take†. Inductive research however, states Saunders (2006, p. 121) â€Å"†¦ can be much more protracted †¦Ã¢â‚¬  in that frequently the ideas are â€Å"†¦ based on a much longer period of data collection and analysis † all of which has to emerge gradually. 3.4 Research Questions In order to equate the answer or answers to the query entailing how the financial crisis impacted the real estate sectors in London and Almaty, the research questions entailed looking into an understanding of how economies work on a national as well as international level, along with financial market operation on a national and international level. 4.0 Literature Review Allen[22] in his book â€Å"Financial Crisis and Recession in the Global Economy† tells us of the fact that the â€Å"†¦rapid expansion and globalisation of financial markets shadows most other recent developments in international economics†. The foregoing is a critical component in the understanding of the recent U.S. sub prime mortgage crisis and its impact on global markets. Allen[23] advises that during the past twenty years, the international financial sector has changed and advanced in dramatic fashion, earmarked by the introduction and success of an entirely new currency, and change in the underpinnings of financial cohesiveness that impacts the countries of the European Union as well as the rest of the world. The Euro is the singular most noteworthy development in the rapid expansion of international finance that is marked by a host of important occurrences. He explains that new financial instrument such as derivatives, offshore banking, offshore financial markets, along with numerous other developments are at work in a global financial system that binds itself closer and closer by degrees each day Allen[24]. In his book, Allen[25] explains that the advances in information technology has directly impacted the growth and interlinkages in international finance as he states: â€Å"A financial transaction can loosely be defined as any business arrangement where money changes hands but the only other thing that changes hands is documentation. Both money and documentation are moved by information technologies; therefore financial market activity is enhanced by advances in those technologies. Expanding use and performance of electronic and regular mail service, telephones, computers, fax machines, image processing devices, communication satellites, fibre optics, the World Wide Web and so on creates better opportunities in finance† In illustrating the foregoing, Allen[26] explains that in the early 1980s financial transactions were communicated across telephone lines, via facsimile machines, and satellite transmissions that were â€Å"†¦collectively owned and operated by national governments through Intelsat in proportion to national use†. In his book, Allen[27] advises that developments in the speed of transmission of the facsimile machine during the 1980s corresponded to increases in international financial transactions. In the early 1980s a single page transmission took six minutes, by the end of the 1980s that time frame was down to three seconds. Increased speed in transmission times helped to facilitate international financial transactions, thus bringing global financial instructions closer together in terms of their ability to conduct business in a more timely manner. In today’s world, international financial transactions take place over T1 networks employing packet-switching networks that can communicate with any bank, anywhere almost in real time, as volumes of data and documents can be transmitted in seconds[28]. The significance of the advance of technology is further explained by Allen, as he stated[29]: â€Å"Changes in communications have always affected the structure of finance, but these developments of the last few decades are responsible for the truly global nature of todays financial markets. As participants use these new technologies and networks, linkages are formed between various national and international sub-economy financial markets. New international opportunities have occurred for centuries, but only recently has interdependence become so pervasive to merit the word global† The rapid developments of information technology and its impact on global monetary movements brought capitalist economies closer together and rendered the opposing state planned economy as a dinosaur, thus, along with a long list of other important development, helped to lead to the collapse of communism as an alternative economic system[30]. The developments in information sharing systems, transmission, interbank transactions, international currency and stock trading underpins what is termed as the global economy that transcends the century’s old manifestation of borders. DeMartino[31] helps us to better understand the preceding by explaining: â€Å"†¦emerging today is not just the latest experiment in economic organization, it is, indeed, the highest possible form of economy. Global neoliberalism, the extension of market-based economic integration across all local, regional and national borders, will provide humankind with the optimal means to achieve prosperity from now until eternity. With the perfection of the global capitalist market economy—and the consequent eradication of communism socialism and all forms of state planning—economic history as the contest among alternative forms of economic systems †¦ come(s) to an end.† DeMartino’s[32] statement concerning neoliberalism represents an important concept within the context of this examination, thus it shall be explored briefly, to add illumination as to its meaning. Martinez and Garcia[33] help us to understand the foregoing by stating: â€Å"Neo-liberalism is a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. Although the word is rarely heard in the United States, you can clearly see the effects of neo-liberalism here as the rich grow richer and the poor grow poorer. Around the world, neo-liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the Inter- American Development Bank.the capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite to revive economic liberalism. Thats what makes it neo or new.† The concept of neoliberalism comes into play in terms of the ramifications of the recent U.S. subprime crisis. The following, represent market undercurrents that help to explain the underlying as well as overt facets involved that were linked factors that impacted the economy of Kazakhstan, along with the banking and financial market fallout from the subprime crisis. Per Martinez and Garcia[34] neoliberalim’s key points represent: Rule of the Market: This aspect of neoliberalism represents the freeing of private enterprise from bonds that are imposed by the state, irrespective of the impact such causes in terms of social change. The preceding entails developing internal mechanisms and policies that foster an increased openness to international investment as well as trade. In addition, price controls are removed, along with freedom of capital movement, services and goods. Deregulation: This aspect calls for the reduction of state regulation of all areas that would have an impact on reducing profits. Privatisation State owned enterprises are divested, representing banking institutions, utilities, hospitals, important industries, education system and allied areas. Unfortunately, in most instances privatisation has had the effect of putting a concentration of wealth in a few hands when systems are dismantled, as has been the case in Kazakhstan as well as other former Soviet bloc states, resulting in higher prices for goods and services. Elimination of the Concept of the Public Good or Community This represents replacement of the foregoing with what is termed as individual responsibility. This is exampled by pressuring the poorer segments of society to find their own solutions for lack of health care, employment and education, and then finding fault when they do not solve these and or similar problems Martinez and Garcia[35] further explain neoliberalim, by advising that it represents a policy reform that has been imposed by the World Bank and other g